Poem
Keywords: Scottsboro, Boys, Poem
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In 1931, nine black youths were falsely accused of raping two white women on a freight train traveling through northern Alabama. They were arrested and tried in four days, convicted of rape, and eight of them were sentenced to death. The ensuing legal battle spanned six years and involved two landmark decisions by the Supreme Court. One of the most well known and controversial legal decisions of our time, the Scottsboro case ignited the collective emotions of the country, which was still struggling to come to terms with fundamental issues of racial equality.
Scottsboro, Alabama, which consists of 118 exceptionally powerful linoleum prints, provides a unique graphic history of one of the most infamous, racially-charged episodes in the annals of the American judicial system, and of the racial and class struggle of the time. Originally printed in Seattle in 1935, this hitherto unknown document, of which no other known copies exist, is presented here for the first time. It includes a foreword by Robin D.G. Kelley and an introduction by Andrew H. Lee. Mr. Lee discovered the book as part of a gift to the Tamiment Library by the family of Joe North, an important figure in the Communist Party-USA, and an editor at the seminal left-wing journal, the New Masses.
A true historical find and an excellent tool for teaching the case itself and the period which it so indelibly marked, this book allows us to see the Scottsboro case through a unique and highly provocative lens.
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The purpose of Zinn's work, Voices included, is to engage in an act of political dissidence and activism. "What is common to all of these voices," Zinn and co-editor Anthony Arnove write in the book's introduction, "is that they have mostly been shut out of the orthodox histories, the major media, the standard textbooks, the controlled culture ... to create a passive citizenry." With Voices, Zinn and Arnove seek to address that malaise, showing that the impossible--slaves rising up against their slave masters, for example--is not only possible, but has occurred repeatedly throughout the country's history. "Whenever injustices have been remedied, wars halted, women and blacks and Native Americans given their due," they write, "it has been because 'unimportant' people spoke up, organized, protested, and brought democracy alive." The common thread throughout Voices is this mandate, and each selection is preceded by a brief introduction by the authors, written from a far-left perspective. (As an example, one section is titled "The Carter-Reagan-Bush Consensus.")
Voices often works better as a reference book than a sit-down-to-read title. Its early chapters--on Columbus, slavery, the War of Independence, and the early women's movement--tend to be more engaging than later excerpts, largely because a contrary point of view to mainstream mythology has been so rarely heard. The modern sections have a haphazard, "greatest hits of the left" feeling, as the book jumps from an Abbie Hoffman speech to the lyrics of Public Enemy's "Fight the Power." The problem may be inherent in the format of the book. Everything is treated equally, and a speech by Danny Glover is given as much weight as an excerpt from W.E.B. DuBois's The Souls of Black Folk. For context and background, it's best to stick with the original People's History, but to hear the words right from the speakers' mouths, there's no better resource than Voices. --Jennifer Buckendorff
"A groundbreaking book . . . revealing the systemic, everyday problems in our courts that must be addressed if justice is truly to be served."—Doris Kearns Goodwin
Attorney and journalist Amy Bach spent eight years investigating the widespread courtroom failures that each day upend lives across America. What she found was an assembly-line approach to justice: a system that rewards mediocre advocacy, bypasses due process, and shortchanges both defendants and victims to keep the court calendar moving.
Here is the public defender who pleads most of his clients guilty with scant knowledge about their circumstances; the judge who sets outrageous bail for negligible crimes; the prosecutor who habitually declines to pursue significant cases; the court that works together to achieve a wrongful conviction. Going beyond the usual explanations of bad apples and meager funding, Ordinary Injustice reveals a clubby legal culture of compromise, and shows the tragic consequences that result when communities mistake the rules that lawyers play by for the rule of law. It is time, Bach argues, to institute a new method of checks and balances that will make injustice visible—the first and necessary step to reform.
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U.S. Highway 72 is an old route in north Alabama, stretching from Bridgeport, Tennessee to Memphis on the other side of the state. Over the years I've caught a lot of fish in streams and lakes near this road, where it meandered near the Tennessee River and the backwaters of one TVA dam or another. Sometimes I'd just stop the truck and fish from the side of the highway.
That was another day though, before progress in the way of road expansions changed forever the picturesque sites of quite a few successful fishing expeditions. Changing old highway 72 into a modern 4-lane speedway has either destroyed entirely or ravaged beyond recognition, my once special roadside fishing spots.
I remember one warm spring afternoon as I was returning to my home in Huntsville, Alabama, from having fished at a place named Second Creek on the old highway 72 west. My buddy and I had caught a few crappies that morning and as we approached a little stream named First Creek. There wasn't a lot of thought going into selecting creek names back then.
This stream was one of the prettiest I've ever seen because it was nestled between a little spit of land filled with trees and the huge outcropping of a sheer rock wall. The water was always calm and in the spring had a hint of green pollen lying placidly on top. The whole pool couldn't have been more than 50 yards long and about 25 yards wide, but it was fed by the river, which kept the water clean and moving along.
Our first casts, up against the rock wall, netted us both a nice smallmouth bass. It didn't really matter what kind of bait we threw at them, it worked! We fished there for about an hour, catching one fish after another until the rest of them left for safer ground. It was a beautiful afternoon that is forever etched in my memory.
About 80 miles east on highway 72, there was an old bridge about 10 miles west of Scottsboro, Alabama, where state highway 79 crossed the road. I've spent many pleasant spring and fall evenings sitting under that overpass in a boat, fishing from the light of my Coleman lantern.
During the spring, I and whatever fishing buddy I had at the time would catch baskets full of crappie there. In the fall, we would tie a lantern to one of the support beams and let it hang almost to the top of the water. When bait fish would swim through the light, we would catch striped bass and sometimes an unexpected largemouth bass, as we listened to the sound of drums from a high school football game about 3 miles away from where we were fishing.
Every once in a while an automobile would cross the bridge, shaking loose a few small pieces of aged debris each time. Nothing heavy every fell, though there were a few times when we prayed that a truck wouldn't try to cross that bridge.
After a business trip to the Midwest that lasted four years, I returned to the south and one pleasant autumn evening, I loaded up the boat and headed to the old 79 bridge. It was gone!
During my absence it had been demolished and hauled away. A new highway had been built about a hundred yards from my old fishing hole, diverting the flow of water away from the place I used to fish. It was if the bridge and my evening fishing memories had never existed!
There'll always be progress. If you don't have it, you'll soon atrophy and die. I wish though, that progress would leave my fishing holes alone.
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Other chords sound repeatedly as well: the problem of our relationship with nature (Annie Dillard, John Muir, and Gretel Ehrlich); the difficulty of identity in disrupted times (F. Scott Fitzgerald, Joan Didion, and Michael Herr). In her essay "The White Album," Didion famously declares: "We tell ourselves stories in order to live." The stories Oates has collected are not easy. Here is the hard-won truth, from writers unwilling to forgive even themselves. Even Martin Luther King Jr. doesn't let himself off the hook, as he writes in his "Letter from Birmingham Jail": "If I have said anything in this letter that is an overstatement of the truth and is indicative of an unreasonable impatience, I beg you to forgive me. If I have said anything in this letter that is an understatement of the truth and is indicative of my having a patience that makes me patient with anything less than brotherhood, I beg God to forgive me." --Claire Dederer
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Definition: Lynching is a mob act of vigilantism to illegally execute an accused person by a mob. The term allegedly originated as a reference to a Virginia Justice of the Peace (1736-96). These acts often occurred in front of thousands of spectators, who would gather "souvenirs" afterward.
Lynching is another sad fact of American history and has been immortalized in song ("Strange Fruit", recorded by Billie Holliday, in pictures (the poignant, "The Black Book"), in a scholarly tome (Ralph Ginzburg's, "100 Years Of Lynchings"), and in fiction (In Richard Wright's "Big Boy Leaves Home", 1938, Big Boy and his friend Bobo accidentally shoot and kill a white man. The black community fearful of a mass killing spree by whites hide the boys, hoping to help them escape later. However, Bobo is caught and lynched as a frightened Big Boy looks on). .
Lynching was originally a system of punishment used by whites against African-american slaves. It seldom mattered whether the charges were true or not, since it usually camde down to the word of whites against the accused black person.
"The accusations against persons lynched, according to the Tuskegee Institute records for the years 1882 to 1951, were: in 41 per cent for felonious assault, 19.2 per cent for rape, 6.1 per cent for attempted rape, 4.9 per cent for robbery and theft, 1.8 per cent for insult to white persons, and 22.7 per cent for miscellaneous offenses or no offense at a 11.5 In the last category are all sorts of trivial "offenses" such as "disputing with a white man," attempting to register to vote, "unpopularity", self-defense, testifying against a white man, "asking a white woman in marriage", and "peeping in a window." (Gibson). However, whites who protested against this were also in danger of being lynched.
Gibson writes, "In the last decades of the nineteenth century, the lynching of Black people in the Southern and border states became an institutionalized method used by whites to terrorize Blacks and maintain white supremacy. In the South, during the period 1880 to 1940, there was deep-seated and all-pervading hatred and fear of the Negro which led white mobs to turn to "lynch law" as a means of social control. Lynchings--open public murders of individuals suspected of crime conceived and carried out more or less spontaneously by a mob--seem to have been an American invention. In Lynch-Law, the first scholarly investigation of lynching, written in 1905, author James E. Cutler stated that 'lynching is a criminal practice which is peculiar to the United States'."
John F. Callahan states that, "Lynching did not come out of nowhere. Its actual and symbolic grounding in history and literature goes back to slavery and slavery's defining persons of African descent as property. During slavery there were numerous public punishments of slaves, none of which were preceded by trials or any other semblance of civil or judicial processes. Justice depended solely upon the slaveholder. Executions, whippings, brandings, and other forms of severe punishment, including sometimes the public separation of families, were meted out by authority or at the command of the master or his representative."
Though the Chicago Times and New York Times derided the practice of lynching, Other newspapers abetted these efforts, often creating the rationale for the attack. R.W. Logan writes, "It is next to impossible to locate a newspaper article that does not identify the victim as a Negro or that refrains from suggesting that the accused was guilty of the crime and therefore deserving of punishment. For example, The New Orleans Picayune described an African-American who was lynched in Hammond, Louisiana for robbery as a "big, burly negro" and a "Black wretch"
On November 7th, 1837, Elijah Parish Lovejoy, the white editor of the Alton Observer, was killed by a white mob after he had published articles criticizing lynching and advocating the abolition of slavery. On 9th March, 1892, three African American businessmen were lynched in Memphis. When Ida Wells Barnett (a black woman) wrote an article condemning the lynchers, a white mob destroyed her printing press. They declared that they intended to lynch her but fortunately she was visiting Philadelphia at the time.
It is estimated that between 1880 and 1920, an average of two African Americans a week were lynched in the United States. Dr. Arthur Raper was commissioned in 1930 to produce a report on lynching. He discovered that "3,724 people were lynched in the United States from 1889 through to 1930. Over four-fifths of these were Negroes, less than one-sixth of whom were accused of rape. Practically all of the lynchers were native whites. The fact that a number of the victims were tortured, mutilated, dragged, or burned suggests the presence of sadistic tendencies among the lynchers. Of the tens of thousands of lynchers and onlookers, only 49 were indicted and only 4 have been sentenced."
After the First World War ten black soldiers, several still in their army uniforms, were amongst those lynched. Between 1919 and 1922, a further 239 blacks were lynched by white mobs and many more were killed by individual acts of violence and unrecorded lynchings. During the 100 year period from 1865 to 1965 over 2400 African Americans were lynched in the United States. 1892 had a record 230 deaths (161 black, 69 white).
According to social economist Gunnar Myrdal: "The Southern states account for nine-tenths of the lynchings. More than two-thirds of the remaining one-tenth occurred in the six states which immediately border the South: Maryland, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Kansas." (Gunnar Myrdal, "An American Dilemma," 1944, pp. 560-561).
In 1901George Henry White, the last former slave to serve in Congress, proposed a bill in that would outlaw lynching, making it a federal crime. He argued that any person participating actively in or acting as an accessory in a lynching should be convicted of treason. White pointed out that lynching was being used by white mobs in the Deep South to terrorize African Americans. The bill was defeated.
In 1935 President Franklin Roosevelt declined to support the Costigan-Wagner bill, designed to punish sheriffs who failed to protect their prisoners from lynch mobs. He believed he would lose the votes of southern whites and therefore, not be re-elected. In July of that year six deputies were escorting Ruben Stacy to Dade County jail in Miami when he was snatched away by a white mob and hanged outside the home of a white woman named Marion Jones, whom had made a complaint against him. The New York Times reported that a later investigation revealed Stacy "Went to the house to ask for food; (and) the woman became frightened and screamed when she saw Stacy's face."
Other lynchings of note: Scottsboro (1931), James Byrd (1997), Will Brown (Omaha, NE, 1919)
Sources:
Robert L. Langrando, "About Lynching."
Richard M. Perloff, "The Press and Lynchings of African Americans," Journal Studies, January 2000, pp. 315-330.
R.W. Logan, "The Betrayal of the Negro: From Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson," 1965, p. 298.
Robert A. Gibson, "The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States,1880-1950," 1979.
James E. Cutler, "Lynch Law" (New York, 1905), p. 1.
A History Of LynchingIf you were going to completely refurbish a state park and spend two million dollars doing so, what kind of things would you do? Maybe large, level camp sites with a picnic table and fire ring at each one. Why not throw in 20, 30 and 50 Amp hookups at each site and while we are at it, cable television? How about paved roads and new shower/restroom facilities? At DeSoto State Park they did all of that and more. There are 94 sites including an ample number of pull- through sites and additional primitive camping. I believe all of the sites are large enough for forty footers.
There are actually so many amenities that just listing them all would take too much space. However, to give you an idea, they have a picnic and play area, swimming pool, cabins, lodge motel and restaurant as well as 15 miles of hiking and walking trails. Wi-Fi is available at the Country Store/information center and the lodge. The two days we spent at DeSoto State Park did not give us a chance to check out everything, but it was a very positive experience.
DeSoto State Park is located adjacent to Fort Payne, Alabama, which is approximately half way between Chattanooga, TN, and Gadsden, AL. While there are a number of ways to get to DeSoto State Park, if you have a large RV coming in off of I-59 at exits 222 or 218 should be your best bet. Specific directions are available on the web site and the reservations operator will also provide information.
All sites are .50 plus 11% tax. There is an additional charge on weekends from March to October. They also have buddy sites charged at twice the single site rate. Senior discounts (62 and up) are 15%. While I am not familiar with buddy sites, they seem to be pull through sites with double hookups. They are a great idea for a group get together.
The Mountain Inn Restaurant offers three meals a day and a buffet on Sunday. We were excited to learn there was a restaurant at DeSoto State Park and we tried their breakfast fare our first morning. The restaurant and lodge are rustic and most pleasant. Unfortunately the food did not meet our expectations. I suggest that if you need to eat breakfast there you try the continental breakfast which consists of coffee, juice and a muffin. The biscuits, bacon and sausage were less than satisfactory. Of course I cannot comment on lunch or dinner.
We made reservations via telephone and it was an easy process. Check in at the Country Store was quick and the staff answered all questions. Basic supplies and some souvenirs are available at the store.
Seven or eight miles east of DeSoto State Park is the small town of Mentone. There you will find several restaurants and a some interesting shops. County Road 89 from the park to Mentone is not one you want to take with a large RV. In fact our 21 footer was about as big as I would want to drive on that road east of the park. On the way to Mentone you will pass Cloudmont Ski and Golf as well as DeSoto Falls.
Within 25 miles of the park you can check out the Alabama (music group) Fan Club - http://www.thealabamaband.com -, and the Sequoyah Caverns along with a variety of other attractions. Within 50 miles you can visit "Unclaimed Baggage" (yes that's where your lost luggage winds up) in Scottsboro, AL. Russell Cave National Monument and the Cathedral Caverns State Park are also within 50 miles. Huntsville, AL, and Chattanooga, TN, are within 75 miles of DeSoto State Park.
If you enjoy the serenity of natural settings plus the comfort of home then take your RV to DeSoto State Park.
DeSoto State ParkIn CliffsNotes on To Kill a Mockingbird, you explore Harper Lee's literary masterpiece — a novel that deals with Civil Rights and racial bigotry in the segregated southern United States of the 1930s. Told through the eyes of the memorable Scout Finch, the novel tells the story of her father, Atticus, as he hopelessly strives to prove the innocence of a black man accused of raping and beating a white woman.
Chapter summaries and commentaries take you through Scout's coming of age journey. Critical essays give you insight into racial relations in the South during the 1930s, as well as a comparison between the novel and its landmark film version. Other features that help you study include
Classic literature or modern modern-day treasure — you'll understand it all with expert information and insight from CliffsNotes study guides.
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